Many of the "interference" problems plaguing communicators using cellular, PCS, microwave, satellite or other systems are traceable to events originating not within the communicator's facility, but from proximity to broadcast or other high power RF installations. An increasing number of communications facilities also are being located at electromagnetically crowded sites, with high ambient RF levels generated by a large concentration of lower power radio transmitters. It has been projected that some 100,000 new transmitting and receiving installations will be required in the next few years to satisfy demand for new wireless services. Pressure on site availability is forcing the colocation of many services, and EMI interference problems are ubiquitous. Unless properly anticipated and dealt with, these costly problems can seriously hinder wireless system deployment and operation.
Although EMI interference may manifest itself in spectacular fashion, such as crashing whole systems, its touch is usually more subtle. Victims often endure significant system degradation before realizing that a problem is at hand. This often occurs during operational, troubleshooting or repair events. Typical signs of EMI interference include:
* Unusual test equipment malfunctions.
* Intermittent power supply regulator problems.
* Transient, undesirable audio, digital or video noise superimposed on signals.
* High rate of unexplainable signal outages.
* Poor or unreliable coverage from certain sites.
* General "malaise" at a particular site.
Many wireless facilities have traditionally been constructed at well-located sites, frequently high-power FM and TV broadcast antennas. It is not uncommon for FM signals to exceed 100,000W or for TV signals to exceed 5,000,000W.
In such situations, there is a real threat that the high RF signal levels will cause brute force interference problems throughout the wireless transmitting or support equipment. The potential for receiver overload, desensitization, harmonic reception and intermodulation interference are considerable. There are even instances where ambient field intensity levels approach established limits for radiation hazards to personnel, even within shelters and buildings.
Sites located near AM broadcast stations that have effective radiated powers up to 250,000W may be subjected to intense electrical and magnetic fields, which couple into equipment through coaxial cables, telco lines, and grounding and power lines. Fundamental and harmonic frequencies of AM stations and their modulation components overlay common audio, data, T-carrier and clock spectra. The potential for system disturbance is enormous. Towers commonly associated with wireless sites actually "concentrate" the AM broadcast signal to local values far in excess of free-space predictions.
Even at sites not immediately adjacent to broadcasters, it is commonly misjudged what significant EMI interference exist. Although wireless is not generally thought of as "high power," the concentration of channels at a site may rival the potency of a TV station. For example, 32 PCS channels at FCC maximum power may radiate about 50,000W. A group of eight paging channels may aggregate more than 25,000W. A wireless cable installation with 32 channels may contribute more than 200,000W in the 2GHz band.
At these power densities, not only must the RF engineer be concerned with EMI interference mentalities, such as intermodulation and desensitization, but also personnel RF Compliance and direct equipment signal ingress. Perhaps recognizing this potential bath of RF, the FCC now requires every PCS transmitting installation to be studied and certified free of RF Compliance.
EMI interference from intentional RF emitters is by no means the whole of the problem. The mass conversion of radio site equipment to digital architectures has led to a site environment rich in incidentally radiated signals. As digital signals tend to be square waves, with rich harmonic spectra, and as clock speeds converge on the VHF range, wireless operators are increasingly finding that they are generating EMI energy combs right through their own-and their neighbor's-receive allocations. This problem is further exacerbated as receive antennas are lowered. Even digital equipment that meets FCC Class "A" specifications can interfere with receivers several hundred feet away, if not appropriately shielded.
Managing EMI containment and resolution challenges isn't as straightforward as you might think. Action should start with a clear corporate policy to effect electromagnetic compatibility procedures in the site development process (often a critically missing factor). Just as loss of revenue from an interference-riddled system is a corporate concern, so also must be the pro-active programming for an interference-free system.
One of the most frustrating aspects is to attempt to define, much less maintain, a steady-state RF situation at any site. In fact, the electromagnetic environment at even the best controlled site is continually changing. Most wireless sources are by nature "bursty" and unpredictable in their operating cycle. Even broadcast stations change modes of operation and observe irregular operating schedules.
New transmitters, operating channels and emission modes may be established on or near the site and be incompatible with the other existing systems. Identification of new entrants is further complicated by the FCC's market licensing policies; consequently, no record may exist of all exact transmitter locations.
Space does not permit an exhaustive discussion of resolution techniques for such better-known problems as intermodulation and desensitization. However, there are some fundamental approaches that can help contain or resolve lesser-appreciated equipment EMI ingress challenges:
* Site Analysis. Corporate management, site acquisition and system design engineers all must factor EMI interference concerns into their duties. Clearly, the ideal case would be to select all sites sufficiently remote from external EMI interference, and keep them sterile. Realistically, though, system developers should choose sites with respect to the "cleanest" EMI interference environment and lay a suitable legal and structural basis for controlling the site's electromagnetic environment, including the ability to remove troublesome signal sources if remediation efforts fail.
Generally, many potential troublemakers can be identified early in the site selection process so that appropriate protection may be designed efficiently into the new system. A careful study, including field intensity measurements where needed, should be made to identify and document existing hazards, and to anticipate future problems. (Existing diagnostic measures may be needed for preparing an existing site.) Such studies should employ proven electromagnetic parametric and geographic data and models such as those maintained by consulting companies specializing in this area.
* RF Shielding. Not infrequently, a high-level RF site must be occupied in spite of the best site evaluation efforts, requiring that the site equipment be enclosed in a virtual "box" designed to block out as many outside RF signals as possible from entering the sensitive circuitry. However, a perfectly isolated container is neither practical nor cost-effective. There must always be penetrations of the shield box to accommodate antenna transmission lines, main power hookup, telephone lines, doors, grounding cables, air conditioners, and water and sewer pipes. The trick is to restrict RF passage through these penetrations, as well.
Most wireless industry shielding needs can be met by innovative applications of advanced architectural shielding materials. Fiber attenuation composites, coating suspensions and more traditional techniques can yield attenuations of 40dB or more in existing buildings. While not to "military secret" standards, such attenuations will frequently be adequate for preventing undesirable penetration by electromagnetically destructive RF signals, and potential radiation hazards to personnel in the site equipment buildings.
In addition to creating the shielded "box," other techniques are necessary to properly treat the penetrations, such as the use of filters for power lines and RF transmission lines, as well as blocking the offending signals from door, HVAC and other openings. Careful determination of how best to meet this challenge should be exercised for each site in question. Importantly, accomplishment of a comprehensive engineering analysis from the outset of the project will measure and determine the scope of potential RF-generated problems and define various fix alternatives for ensuring successful system/environment compatibility.
Based on these and similar supporting data, shielding and other RF protection techniques can be selected to complement and influence architectural and building construction planning. In some cases, it may be necessary to modify standard electronics layouts to ensure that existing installations and future site expansion will remain RF interference resistant.
Site operators must recognize that shielding "systems" combat RF ingress to their equipment, and this system is as integral to the site's effective operations as the HVAC or power supply systems. Further, they must recognize that their shielding system must be cared for. Too often, the out-of-sight, out-of-mind attitude regarding shielding components allows for future violation of the shielding system's effectiveness.
* Test Measurements. Test measurements must be built into the overall design process to include baseline measurements at the suspected "threat" frequencies after the new equipment and shielding installations are in place. These data carry forward a baseline to support future preventative maintenance, which should be done on a regular basis, and problem troubleshooting. No matter how well the equipment installation and site selection process is planned and executed, there will be the invariable "unauthorized" cable wall penetration, air conditioner replacement or other change that can corrupt the shield or other EMI preventive procedure.
When dealing with EMI inteference, it's a pay-me-now or pay-me-later world, and the latter option almost always is more costly. It is never too early to plan for effective RF interference abatement. Early analysis of the RF environment, shielding and other RF interference preventive actions must be taken into account at the beginning of the site selection, building design or equipment selection/upgrade process. It is important to realize that abatement is a life cycle requirement for a wireless site, demanding vigilant attention to ever-changing site EMI conditions that can degrade RF or switch system performance.
A competent consultant, qualified and experienced in EMI compatibility engineering, should be retained early in the design/planning process and maintained through the operational phase. An analysis of the electromagnetic environment of any potential wireless site will prevent expensive surprises in the final product-and ensure compatibility between the site and the attendant environments.
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